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Aidee Guzman, 30, grew up the daughter of immigrants in California鈥檚 Central Valley, among massive fields of monocrops that epitomize intense, industrial agriculture. Her parents were farmworkers, and despite spending their days producing food, they relied on food banks to eat. 

The cognitive dissonance of these circumstances hit home when, in 2003, at age 10, Guzman first visited her grandparents and family still living in her parents鈥� hometown in Mexico. Here, in the small community of El Pedregal de San Juan, in the state of Hidalgo, Guzman says she was amazed by the rain-fed milpa system of growing corn, wheat, and squash that her uncles still maintained, using seeds that have been in her family for generations. 

鈥淚 was just so enamored,鈥� she says. But anger and sadness followed as she came to understand the forces that caused her parents to migrate in search of employment in the United States. 鈥淧eople like my parents, they were pushed off the land.鈥�&苍产蝉辫;

Guzman鈥檚 parents gave up caring for the soil and growing food that nourished them in pursuit of greater opportunities that involved growing crops for export and other people鈥檚 profit. It鈥檚 an ironic yet common occurrence: Although Western agriculture has begun embracing regenerative farming principles, the very people who have been using these practices since time immemorial have been socially, economically, and politically forced from the lands that sustain them.

鈥淭hat鈥檚 not the society we should be living in,鈥� says Guzman. Instead, she and a host of scientists, educators, farmers, organizers, and activists around the world are working to implement these regenerative principles and reciprocal practices, literally from the ground up.

Living History

鈥淲hen I think about soil, I think about the ecosystem and I think about history,鈥� says Briana Alfaro, administrative program manager at in upstate New York. 鈥淚 think about the geology that helped create the makeup of what minerals are in the soil.鈥�

But soil is not just bits of rock and dust. In addition to minerals, it is composed of gas, water, living organisms, and the organic remains of once-living creatures. And the process of turning these components into soil is incredibly slow and microscopic. In the prairie, it takes between . In . 

But destroying that formation, hundreds and thousands of years in the making, happens quickly. Humans can compact the soil in a matter of seconds with a bulldozer or a slab of concrete. During the Dust Bowl in the 1930s, due to massive disturbance of the soil through over-tilling, the center of the American continent . And today, even when the soil stays on the ground, we鈥檙e through the use of pesticides, herbicides, synthetic fertilizers, and more. 

Soil is alive. It is filled with life, and it supports the lives of so many living creatures鈥攊ncluding us. Recognizing and tending to this reciprocal relationship could help shift our understanding of sustenance and what it takes to achieve lasting prosperity for both people and the planet. 

Alfaro suggests using the term 鈥渟oil livestock,鈥� which she recently heard and feels best encapsulates the true work of caring for the soil. 鈥淚t鈥檚 another part of farming, right?鈥� Alfaro explains. 鈥淚t鈥檚 another set of beings that you鈥檙e responsible for.鈥�&苍产蝉辫;

How we respond to that responsibility will have compounding effects for the Earth鈥攁nd all of us who live here. As the climate warms, and the human population grows, soil will be foundational to our thriving鈥攐r our downfall. At a core level, our collective survival will depend on how humans choose to interact with soil. 

鈥淭he soil to me is the source of life. That is, it nurtures many of the lives鈥攏ot just humans, but also the plants and animals and all those tiny things that we can鈥檛 even see,鈥� says Miwa Aoki Takeuchi, associate professor in the University of Calgary鈥檚 department of education. 鈥淲hen we say 鈥榬ich soil,鈥� we imagine the soil itself is populated with so many lives and diverse networks.鈥�

And that richness can translate into the systems we use to impart value to other things in our lives and our economy.

鈥淚 think a healthy soil is a form of community wealth,鈥� says Liz Carlisle, associate professor in the environmental studies program at University of California, Santa Barbara. 鈥淚t鈥檚 an intergenerational form of community wealth.鈥�

Carlisle studies the deep history of regenerative agriculture, going well beyond the buzzword it has become in environmental circles of late. She says it started with her grandmother, Helen, who had grown up on a farm in western Nebraska that the family eventually lost in the Dust Bowl. 鈥淎s a child, I remember my grandmother saying, 鈥榊ou know, we need to learn how to take better care of the soil,鈥欌�� recalls Carlisle. 鈥淚t felt like a responsibility鈥攈aving been born into this family that made some really big mistakes鈥攖o be part of a process of repair.鈥�

Carlisle now focuses her research on Indigenous food systems that existed for thousands of years on the North American continent, on the African continent, on the Asian continent鈥攁ll over the world. She contrasts these enduring practices with the hierarchical approach to industrial agriculture we see today: 鈥淓xtracting from soil for short-term financial gain only makes sense in a world where certain people and other living beings fall outside of our circle of care. Whereas if we really believe that everybody鈥檚 life matters, it makes all kinds of sense to steward this common resource of soil for everyone and for those beings yet to come.鈥�

Such a fundamental shift would upend how our society defines prosperity today. 

When it comes to soils and what they鈥檙e producing, 鈥渨e always seem to be using a cost-benefit analysis,鈥� says Michael Kotutwa Johnson, assistant specialist at the University of Arizona鈥檚 Indigenous Resilience Center as well as its School of Natural Resources and the Environment. 鈥淲hy can鈥檛 we look at a social-benefit analysis instead?鈥�

In October 2023, Kotutwa Johnson hosted a group of scientists and educators from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and he said the number one problem they wanted to address was not pollution or agricultural runoff鈥攊t was diabetes. He believes the spread of this disease is a direct result of the U.S. exporting its ideas of food and food policy. 

鈥淲e need to rethink our policies, our agricultural policies, in the United States to focus more on quality, not quantity and efficiency,鈥� he says. 

Kotutwa Johnson is a Hopi farmer who evaluates the success of his farming not only on the corn he produces but also on other impacts it has in his community: Are our bodies becoming healthier? Are these communities doing well? 

For the Hopi, a matrilineal agricultural society, there is no distinction between their agricultural system, their belief system, and their social structures, Kotutwa Johnson explains. One cannot exist without the others, and they can only thrive together. 

鈥淭he act of planting alone for us is an act of faith,鈥� he says. 鈥淲e live in a climate that only gives 6 to 10 inches of annual precipitation a year, but yet we鈥檙e able to raise things like corn, beans, melons, and squash, which I was told, when I went to Cornell, needed 33 inches of rain.鈥�&苍产蝉辫;

But creating a nurturing, respectful relationship with the soil and what grows from it has allowed these crops to thrive under Hopi stewardship.

鈥淭hose plants are like our people to us,鈥� says Kotutwa Johnson. 鈥淲e take care of those plants from when they鈥檙e little babies coming up out of the ground to when they get old and they pass on; and we lay them down at the end, and they provide us seeds for another generation.鈥�

Laying down the cornstalks at the end of the plants鈥� lives, to Kotutwa Johnson, is a means of thanking them and giving them well-deserved rest. In Western terms, keeping the ground covered is a means of holding the soil in place to prevent erosion. As the organic ground cover breaks down, it also adds nutrients to the soil. So whatever the worldview behind it, this practice unquestionably leads to better soil health. 

Reciprocity Over Extraction

Shifting from a relationship of extraction from soil to one of reciprocity with soil is central to Indigenous ways of knowing and growing鈥攂oth food and community prosperity. 

鈥淥ur ancestors revered soil and had such a relationship with it,鈥� says Alfaro. 鈥淎nd that鈥檚 such a huge part of what we do at Soul Fire Farm: help bridge that connection, catalyze that connection for people鈥攖o land and to that ancestral knowledge.鈥�

Central to this connection is an understanding that this type of relationship involves both give and take. For Alfaro, a multiracial Mexican American farmer and activist, this comes in many forms. 鈥淚 feel better when I go spend time in my garden for so many reasons, you know, but I know that one of them is that I process and leave something behind every time I鈥檓 there.鈥� She describes this process in natural terms, as the composting of sadness and grief. 鈥淚鈥檓 inevitably also growing myself food, growing my community food, growing my community flowers鈥攁ll the things that help lighten me up and provide nutrition.鈥� And the benefits of that relationship go both ways: 鈥淚f we鈥檙e healthier, then we can give back to the soil more.鈥�

Likewise, Aoki Takeuchi respects and finds inspiration in the way soil cooperates with others to decompose what humans consider garbage. 鈥淎s someone who has experienced the intersectional system of oppression, I sometimes didn鈥檛 have a way to metabolize or decompose all the traumas,鈥� she explains. But she uses soils as a literal and metaphorical lesson in her teaching. 鈥淗ow can [soils] metabolize that trauma, that historical trauma, and transform that into a source of nurturing and a source of growth?鈥� says Aoki Takeuchi. 

Her belief in the power of this work is part of what inspired Aoki Takeuchi to create , a program for refugee youth in Canada to rediscover and reconnect with land after they鈥檝e been forcibly removed from their own. The goal of the summer research program is to 鈥渓isten to the silenced voices of the soil, land, and displaced communities.鈥�

And that reciprocity goes beyond the simple exchange of materials. 

鈥淗ow do we give back to the land for everything that the land has given us, including scientific and mathematical knowledge?鈥� asks Kori Czuy, one of the instructors at Soil Camp and the manager of Indigenous science connections at the in Calgary. Western science always wants to name and categorize things definitively, but that鈥檚 not how Czuy teaches students. She de-emphasizes scientific hierarchies and rigid categorization.

鈥淚 always distinguish between the word[s] 鈥榢nowing鈥� and 鈥榢nowledge,鈥欌�� Czuy says. 鈥淜nowledge is set. It鈥檚 the written word. It can鈥檛 be changed. It鈥檚 static. Knowing is alive.鈥�

Land Matters 

But reconnecting with soil isn鈥檛 always possible, easy, or even desirable. Too many communities and people have been forced to work the soil on other people鈥檚 terms. 

Carlisle says race is implicated in current U.S. food production in profound ways: 鈥淚f you think about why we had a plantation system, and why we now have a system that still looks a lot like that, you could argue that it鈥檚 not because it鈥檚 the most productive way to produce food, but it is a very effective way to produce racial hierarchy.鈥�

Carlisle says the pattern is painfully consistent around the world: 鈥淵ou have a global majority of people who carry traditions of regenerative food systems who are being excluded from land ownership, and yet who are being asked to labor in industrial agriculture, [who] are so infrequently in decision-making positions about how that land is cared for.鈥�&苍产蝉辫;

鈥淧eople have persisted and maintained these regenerative ways of relating to land in the face of hundreds of years of brutally oppressive structural violence,鈥� she says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 an instructive pathway of what it means to continually articulate a vision of reciprocal care鈥攅ven in the face of the most tremendous obstacles.鈥�

Carlisle says we can鈥檛 make meaningful strides toward regenerative agriculture if we don鈥檛 simultaneously insist on a transformative shift toward racial justice. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 work for all of us,鈥� she says, 鈥渁nd I think it is especially work for those of us who identify as white.鈥�

Guzman agrees that the transformation of our agricultural system needs to come from a place of inclusion and equity. 鈥淲hen we think of soil, and really trying to support soil and build up soil, we can鈥檛 forget 鈥� the human piece: that we need people who care about it to be able to have access.鈥�&苍产蝉辫;

If that access were widely granted, Alfaro at Soul Fire Farms imagines a parallel shift in the way farmers relate to and invest in the soil. Without the limitations of one-year leases or the risk of displacement, she dreams of the beauty of transitioning away from annual crops that are planted and harvested every year, to perennial crops, which stay rooted in the ground more permanently, offering their benefits to the soil year-round and year after year. She says it was a profound moment when she learned 鈥渉ow beneficial it is to have perennials, to grow perennials, and what it means to be able to grow perennials, and what a privilege that is.鈥�

The Humanity of Soil

As people, our bodies are deeply shaped by our environment and teem with microbial life in various forms of symbiosis. Maybe we鈥檙e not so different from soil after all. 

鈥淲e鈥檙e all made of the same thing, you know, from rocks to microbes to everything,鈥� Czuy says. 鈥淲e鈥檙e all stardust. We鈥檙e all made of particles that are in motion constantly.鈥�&苍产蝉辫;

Indigenous growers prioritize those personal connections and relationships with soil. 

鈥淚t takes time to know your soil,鈥� says Alfaro. 鈥淎nd there鈥檚 a lot of different ways you can get to know your soil. Start where you are: What is this soil? What does it like? What likes to grow here?鈥�

In her soil camps, Aoki Takeuchi encourages students to connect with the soil in whatever way feels right for them.

鈥淲e really would like to foster a space for humbly listening, and listening in plural forms, so that we can listen to the very quiet voice of the soil.鈥� She says that voice is easy to miss if we don鈥檛 pay attention鈥攐r if we limit our listening to ableist notions of the idea鈥攂ut that there are many ways to listen to the story and honor the soil鈥檚 voice. 鈥淥ne could be seeing the color of the soil, another may be smelling different .鈥�&苍产蝉辫;

For Guzman, the connection to soil comes in the form of her passion for pottery, as well as her Ph.D. research with farmers much like her parents鈥攚ho care deeply about the land but have been forced by economic circumstances to become cogs in the industrial food system. She holds fast to a reminder a professor once gave her: 鈥溾�榃hen the revolution comes, we鈥檙e gonna need everyone鈥攚e鈥檙e also gonna need scientists.鈥欌��

Guzman says she considers herself a 鈥渃ynical optimist.鈥� 鈥淚鈥檓 kind of a shit-talker and hateful about where the system is 鈥� but really optimistic about the future.鈥�&苍产蝉辫;

That optimism is important鈥攂ecause the stakes are only getting higher. 

鈥淚n the face of the climate crisis, growing food has only become more and more difficult,鈥� Carlisle says. 鈥淔armers face flooding, droughts, extreme heat, new pest and disease challenges; and all of these are things that healthier soils can help farmers to weather.鈥�

A soil with more organic matter is going to hold more water, which can prevent flooding in heavy rains and can help through long dry seasons and excessive heat. Healthier soils also make for healthier plants, which can better withstand pests and diseases. And those plants make for more dependable and nutritious food sources for people. 

鈥淚t鈥檚 never been more important to steward this common resource of a healthy soil, as a matter of climate justice and food justice for those populations that will be most heavily impacted by the ways that these extreme weather events impact people鈥檚 ability to produce food,鈥� Carlisle says.

Or, as Alfaro puts it: 鈥淭here鈥檚 life in the soil, and we also have to take care of that so that we can be resilient.鈥�

This story was funded by a grant from Kendeda Fund, as part of the YES! series 鈥�Redefining Prosperity.鈥� While reporting and production of the series was funded by this grant, YES! maintained full editorial control of the content published herein. View our editorial independence policies here.