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On most days, Sandra de Leon prunes grapevines in Northern California鈥檚 wealthiest vineyards. But today she is dressed head to toe in a yellow fire-resistant suit, helmet, safety goggles, and gloves, carrying a machete and drip torch. She calls out over her crackling mobile radio, 鈥�Jefe de quema: aqu铆 Bravo, informandoles que 鈥︹�� (鈥淏urn chief: Bravo unit here, informing you that 鈥︹��) and then rattles off data in Spanish on the number, size, duration, and temperature of a dozen or so burn piles she is monitoring on the sun-speckled forest floor. 

De Leon is one of 25 immigrant and Indigenous farmworkers gathered on a cold December morning in Sonoma County, California, for the first-in-the-country Spanish-language intentional-burn certification program. Like de Leon, each of these firefighters-(and firelighters!)-in-training has been haunted by fire. During a massive inferno in 2017, de Leon was one of many 鈥渆ssential workers鈥� escorted by vineyard managers through mandatory evacuation zones to harvest grapes while breathing in toxic fumes from nearby blazes. 

鈥淲hen we arrived at work, there were patrol cars because it was an evacuation zone, but they waved us through to harvest. The skies were red and heavy smoke was in the air. They didn鈥檛 give us any protective equipment. No masks,鈥� de Leon says. 鈥淭here was so much ash on the grapes that when you鈥檇 cut the grape, it would get on your face. Our faces were black.鈥�

While she didn鈥檛 get sick, she says her co-workers struggled with asthma. De Leon recalls harvesting like this for eight hours and getting paid just $20 per hour. 

鈥淭hey should have paid us more,鈥� de Leon says. 鈥淲e risked our lives for their profits.鈥�

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Today, however, de Leon and her fellow farmworkers are here to learn about 鈥済ood fire鈥濃�攁 controlled burn land stewards use to reduce underbrush in overgrown forests to prevent the spread of more destructive wildfires. Thanks to , de Leon and her fellow farmworkers are (re-)learning skills many of their ancestors knew well. And they are putting that know-how to work healing a fire-ravaged landscape and people. 

While wine producers often depict their agricultural operations as small, idyllic, and picturesque, the reality is that most are anything but. The wine industry erodes local ecological balance and accelerates climate destabilization through planting monoculture crops, intensive water use, soil erosion, and application of toxic pesticides and herbicides. 

Calling themselves trabajadores de la tierra (land workers), farmworkers like de Leon say they鈥檙e tired of having their labor used by the vineyard bosses to deplete the land. So instead, they鈥檙e fighting for the training, resources, and job opportunities to restore ecological health and mitigate the worst impacts of climate chaos already set in motion. 

Tens of millions of public dollars have already come into Sonoma County for wildfire mitigation and vegetation management since 2020, and there are many millions more on the way from both state and federal governments. As climate chaos accelerates and unnatural disasters multiply, more county, state, federal, and private dollars for ecological restoration services will become available. What remains contested is what that work will be, who will get that work, how much it will pay, and how it will be governed.

Too often, cost-cutting measures among vegetation management companies鈥攚hich clear overgrown brush to minimize the risk of wildfires鈥攔esult in low wages, lack of training, and excessive clear-cutting. Instead, immigrant and Indigenous farmworkers are positioning themselves as the leaders who have the ancestral knowledge, practical skills, work ethic, and heart to do this work, and asserting they should be fairly compensated for it. 

Their fight began two years ago, when these workers on the front lines of climate-change-fueled wildfires started organizing for safety and respect. Through their , North Bay Jobs With Justice farmworker leaders have won improved job safety and training in indigenous languages, and a first-of-its-kind $3 million disaster-insurance fund for frontline workers who lose work during disasters. They鈥檝e also secured unprecedented commitments from growers both large and small to provide hazard pay for workers who harvest when the outdoor air quality is unhealthy. 

Despite these impressive victories, farmworkers say the California wine industry remains ecologically unsustainable. The vineyards鈥� contribution to local ecological degradation, combined with global climate change, results in heat, droughts, wildfires, and floods that cause for existing agricultural workers. In short, workers know the wine industry won鈥檛 last forever.

Instead of waiting for collapse, workers are getting ahead of the impending transitions, assuring they happen justly. 

鈥淚f we鈥檙e talking about funds for capacity building, we should train the people already working on the land. These workers are the backbone of the ag sector in Sonoma County. They should get a piece of the pie,鈥� says Hannah Wilton, program associate at , a nonprofit center in Sonoma County that develops strategies for biocultural diversity and community resilience at regional scale. 鈥淔olks who are working in these industries, how does their labor get reclaimed for restoration, toward something positive for the Earth? They鈥檙e helping to bring in the new world. They鈥檙e stewarding the transition. We should be following their lead.鈥�

Last winter, the Occidental Arts & Ecology Center hosted 10 Jobs With Justice farmworker leaders for a monthlong workforce-development pilot project with some of the North Bay鈥檚 top ecologists. Workers honed their skills in restoring wildlife habitat, identifying plants, mitigating erosion, increasing the land鈥檚 drought tolerance, and reducing wildfire risk through techniques, like thinning overgrown understory plants. Workers then used the downed branches, sticks, leaves, and needles to create habitat piles for wood rats, which are prey for owls, and strategically stacked the leftover biomass to help sink and slow water on hillsides to prevent erosion. 

Those same farmworkers spent last summer and fall on an immigrant- and Indigenous-led worker team doing vegetation management, fire mitigation, and restorative land work in Windsor, Cazadero, Healdsburg, Occidental, and Geyserville, California. The work was funded by the county, through a project with the , a nonprofit organization working to restore healthy habitats in the area. For their labor, workers earned $35 per hour, a significant increase from what they were paid by the vineyards. 

Workers cleared brush, thereby breaking up 鈥渇uel ladders鈥� that can cause wildfires to spread rapidly along recreational sites and other places in which fires often start. This fuels-reduction work is of critical importance to reducing wildfires and reining in climate change. California鈥檚 recent massive wildfires are devastating to state climate goals. A recent study found the California wildfire smoke in 2020 alone put double the greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere as the state鈥檚 entire emissions reductions between 2003 and 2019.

Whacking through dense, 10-foot-tall carrizo (an invasive bamboo-like plant, also called arundo) with a machete鈥攐r even a chainsaw鈥攊s hard, dirty, exhausting work. A crew of 10 workers incessantly hacks at the invasive carrizo growing on a slippery bank leading down to the river鈥攕weating, cursing, and joking as they go. While some workers chop, others haul armfuls of the downed weeds up the steep embankment to a waiting wood chipper.

Despite the physically grueling nature of this undertaking, worker after worker tells me: Whereas in the vineyards their labor is wielded against land, water, and soil, here it is used to heal such harm. Whereas the vineyard bosses treat farmworkers as disposable labor, here workers are well paid, safe, self-governed, and respected for the deep wisdom and relationships with the land they bring to the work. 

鈥淚 am an Indigenous woman from Mexico. I speak Chatino. We believe that the land is sacred, that water is life. We deserve respect because of the knowledge we carry,鈥� says farmworker Maria Salinas. 鈥淗ere, with Jobs With Justice, we encourage each other to drink water and take breaks. They respect our knowledge. At the end of the day, you can go home satisfied, knowing you did something important for the Earth.鈥� 

Crisp铆n L贸pez, an immigrant farmworker from an indigenous community in Oaxaca, Mexico, remembers working in Sonoma County fields as the fires in 2019 sent toxic chemicals into his lungs. When L贸pez was young, his grandfather led a project in his community of San Miguel Chicahua to repair erosion to the local farmland caused by the introduction of a highway through their community. L贸pez thinks his late grandfather would be proud of his work here.

鈥淭he wineries that have destroyed the land never say, 鈥榃e鈥檝e earned so much money this year that we鈥檒l put aside some of that money to care for the land.鈥� But they should be the ones to pay to heal the places that have burned,鈥� says L贸pez. 鈥淭hey should be hiring those of us who know how to do it, and paying us well.鈥�

The fuels-reduction work doesn鈥檛 just differ from the grape harvest in what farmworkers are doing, but how they鈥檙e doing it. Workers elect from among their ranks a responsable (person in charge for a given period of time) to coordinate the work. At the start of the day, workers stretch together. They take time to tell stories, share food and culture, and learn ecology. They strategize about how to grow an immigrant- and Indigenous-governed fire mitigation and ecological resilience workforce.

In addition to vegetation management, workers are also learning to do prescribed burns to prevent wildfires. Through a first-of-its-kind, weeklong, Spanish-language prescribed-fire training, workers learned about fire behavior, lighting and suppression, and weather patterns. They also gained relevant skills, like hand-tool maintenance and radio use. 

The training earned participants their Firefighter Type 2 certification, a federal qualification standard. But for many workers, the skills were already very familiar. 鈥淲e use this same strategy in Mexico鈥攂urning the ground鈥攂ut to plant corn. My father taught me how. If there are pests, the pests will die off,鈥� says Santos Jimenez. 鈥淗ere, we鈥檙e using it as a strategy so that if there is a drought, there will be less fuel and everything won鈥檛 catch on fire so easily.鈥� 

Jos茅 Luis Duce 础谤补驳眉茅蝉, a prescribed-fire specialist with the , co-led the course. 鈥淢any times, people have knowledge of doing this in their own villages. They bring traditional and cultural knowledge of fire,鈥� Duce 础谤补驳眉茅蝉 says. 鈥淚t was really beautiful to learn from them鈥攚hat they used fire for, in what season, at what time of day, which species they鈥檇 burn and which they wouldn鈥檛.鈥� 

Having traditional ecological knowledge doesn鈥檛 always translate into job opportunities for Indigenous workers.

鈥淲e鈥檙e excited to be building these skill sets in folks locally, and getting certification to people who already have this traditional ecological knowledge from their home[s],鈥� says Sasha Berleman, the director of at Audubon Canyon Ranch, which also partnered with Jobs With Justice on the training. 

鈥淭he farmworkers come from a difficult job鈥攏ot just physically hard, but one in which they have used the land,鈥� Duce 础谤补驳眉茅蝉 says. 鈥淭his is the opposite. Today is about restoring equilibrium in order to heal Pachamama.鈥� 

鈥淲e learned today that fire is very important for the forest. Some plants need this type of burn in order to grow better,鈥� says de Leon. 鈥淭his work we鈥檙e doing today is very different from what we do in the fields. The vineyard owners don鈥檛 teach us this. They just tell us to tend the grapes, because at the end of the year that鈥檚 profits for the owners. Here we don鈥檛 worka for profit. We work for the benefit of the land, the animals, for us humans too.鈥�

Twenty-five more workers are now deepening their skills through a wildfire-adapted landscaping course at Santa Rosa Junior College. The question, however, is how to do this work at scale: how to transition not just small groups of workers but entire industries and economies out of extractive, exploitative work and into cooperative, regenerative labor that tends to the land and to human needs?

Or, as one of the campaign鈥檚 strategists, North Bay Jobs With Justice Executive Director Max Alper, put it: 鈥淗ow do you go from 20 workers to 50 to 100 to 1,000 workers, all having steady, well-paid, dignified ecological restoration work?鈥� 

First, Alper says, workers must organize themselves. Current worker leaders organize house meetings, bring their friends and coworkers to their homes to hear about the campaign, and then invite those contacts to join them at community meetings, pickets, and actions. 

Second, you have to physically labor together in the new work. North Bay Jobs With Justice invites its staff, board, and funders to come cut carrizo with the workers. 鈥淧eople come to work alongside the workers, even if [only] for a few hours, and it immediately changes things. Once you see arundo, you can鈥檛 unsee arundo,鈥� says Alper. 鈥淭hey say, 鈥極MG this is really hard work. If we don鈥檛 do this work, my community will be in danger. Workers should absolutely get paid $35 per hour to do this.鈥欌�� 

Third, Alper says, 鈥淭he only way we鈥檙e going to reclaim our labor is through a fight. The bosses have shown time and time again that they would be more than happy to take massive amounts of public dollars and use them to double down on their current extractive practices, just with a greenwashed image. The corporations that have exploited workers and the land now need to give workers the resources and access to land to do this regenerative work.鈥�

Sonoma County farmworkers are not alone in advocating for resources to fund worker-led ecological restoration projects. At the national level, is developing business models by and for local workers of color to lead disaster-recovery and climate-resilience workforces.

Farmworkers, like de Leon, Salinas, Jimenez, and L贸pez, are the grassroots ecologists with the wisdom and respect to tend the land; they are the voices we need to heed and the workers we need to resource and respect. They are at once on the front lines of both ecological devastation and climate justice. They鈥檝e worked for industries whose exploitation of both land and labor has fueled the fires. 

Now they are not only restoring the land and mitigating future fire risk, they are also building the model for an immigrant- and Indigenous-worker-led climate resilience. 

Quotes from de Leon, Salinas, Jimenez, L贸pez, and Duce 础谤补驳眉茅蝉 have been translated from their original Spanish. 

This story was produced as part of a Just Transition reporting fellowship with .

CORRECTION: This article was updated at 9:48 a.m. PT on April 27, 2023, to correct Hannah Walton鈥檚 name. Read our corrections policy here.