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Last September, New York City was so thoroughly by Hurricane Ida that some commuters waded through water up to their waists just to get in and out of the subway station. Across the country, extreme heat battered the West Coast, Portland鈥檚 streetcar power cables. This summer is seeing similar headlines, with heat waves the BART train tracks in San Francisco and interrupting Northeastern commutes.

These extreme weather events, which are , pose a problem to the millions of Americans who rely on public transit to get to and from work, school, the grocery store, the hospital, and social events. According to Maria Sipin, a former Transportation Justice Fellow at the National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO), public transit is a 鈥渓ifeline鈥� for many groups of people that already face disproportionate challenges due to historic discrimination or marginalization. Disabled individuals, residents of low-income communities, and Black and Brown communities are less likely to , more likely to , and tend to for their commutes (thanks in part to the legacy of redlining and ongoing disinvestment in minority neighborhoods). When extreme weather impacts public transit, it has the potential to deepen existing inequalities. 

It also threatens the country鈥檚 ability to meet climate goals: , and public transit is a key tool for bringing those emissions down. If train and bus service is disrupted by extreme weather, people may turn to more emissions-intensive ways of getting around, creating a negative feedback loop that fuels the global temperature rise that caused the disruptions in the first place.

鈥淭ransportation is the largest source of emissions in the United States, and 85% of those come from people driving themselves in private vehicles,鈥� says Alex Engel, senior communications manager at NACTO. 

Though switching those private rides from fossil fuel-burning cars to electric vehicles attracts a lot of attention and is poised to receive from the federal government through the Inflation Reduction Act, often-overlooked public transit will remain crucial to meeting climate goals.

鈥淎 bus, even if it鈥檚 diesel powered, is a far better climate solution and contributes fewer emissions than a private car鈥攅ven if the car is an EV,鈥� Engel says.

So what can cities and transit agencies do to ensure public transit remains a viable option for riders, even as climate change-induced extreme weather intensifies? The answers are as numerous as transit agencies themselves, but many point toward approaches that deliver a host of co-benefits.

Some of the most obvious solutions are structural. 鈥淪ubway lines in many cities around the U.S. are very vulnerable to flooding,鈥� says Yonah Freemark, senior research associate at the Urban Institute. This is particularly true of the New York area, where 40% of the country鈥檚 public transit riders live, according to Kate Slevin of the Regional Plan Association (RPA). That means it鈥檚 crucial to address any potential entry points where water can get into the system, whether from seawater, as New York City saw in the case of Hurricane Sandy, or from excessive rain, as in the case of Hurricane Ida. 

Since Sandy, New York has invested $2.6 billion in a wide range of permanent protective measures, including gates that can close behind subway ventilation grates and raised barriers around subway entrances鈥攖hink a lip around the edge of the subway stairs that riders step over before descending鈥攖o keep water out. In the case of extreme storms, temporary measures, like inflatable dams blocking subway entrances, can also be implemented.

Though rail tends to dominate conversations about transit, just as many trips happen by bus as by train in the U.S., the American Public Transportation Association. From Engel鈥檚 perspective, that means climate adaptation needs to include the construction of high-quality bus shelters that shield riders from the elements in extreme heat and storms.

Sipin adds that ensuring equitable access to public transit also means ensuring that infrastructure leading to and from train stations or bus stops is accessible and well-maintained. When sidewalks are poorly paved, curb ramps are deprioritized, and bike lanes aren鈥檛 protected, riders who need public transit the most鈥攖he vision-impaired, wheelchair users, or anyone who lives far from the places they need to go鈥攎ay be unable to get to and from public transit stations safely.

鈥淚 think that often gets overlooked, because transit and walking and biking and wheelchair use are not always addressed together in tandem,鈥� Sipin notes. 鈥淚t might not seem that sexy or innovative, but those basic investments really help.鈥�

Of course, all these measures cost money, and Freemark notes that adequate funding is a significant barrier to the buildout of climate-resilient infrastructure. Slevin highlights New York鈥檚 planned , which, once implemented, will charge motorists a toll to enter Manhattan鈥檚 most crowded streets and use the money to fund MTA repairs, as one approach to addressing the issue of limited funds.

鈥淭he congestion pricing plan would raise a billion dollars annually, and 100% of that revenue would go back into the transit system,鈥� Slevin says. 

Other cities have adopted different approaches. Rob Freudenberg, RPA鈥檚 VP of energy and environment, describes Philadelphia, which gets an of 47 inches of rainfall per year, as a leader in dealing with stormwater. Part of the city鈥檚 strategy is , he notes. In addition to giving the city extra cash to deal with the issue, developers are incentivized to incorporate green infrastructure and water storage into their building designs through exemptions and discounts, helping to reduce the problem from the outset.

Planting trees, constructing bioswales (which uses landscaping to soak up storm runoff), and otherwise greening streets can also help with public transit flooding, as vegetation and soil absorb water that concrete can鈥檛. And while extreme heat tends to require different management than flooding does, greening streets offers a solution in both cases: Shade from vegetation can reduce temperatures by as much as 45 degrees Fahrenheit, the EPA. A temperature difference that big could have kept San Francisco鈥檚 BART train from this summer. And where planting a tree canopy isn鈥檛 possible to reduce temperatures, other solutions, like , may be.

Slevin notes that the most robust solutions won鈥檛 be executed by one agency alone. A transit agency is going to be better able to keep the subway from flooding if the sanitation department is keeping drains clear of debris and if the parks department is maximizing parkland鈥檚 ability to soak up excess water, and so on.

鈥淭here is a coordination that is required to address this challenge, because it鈥檚 all interconnected,鈥� she says. 

But the upside is that solutions can be interconnected, too. Congestion pricing can infuse money into a cash-strapped transit system while also reducing air pollution and traffic. Greening streets can lower temperatures, absorb excess floodwater, and improve air quality. Climate-resilient bus shelters can make riding the bus more comfortable. And all of the above鈥攚hatever makes public transit safer, more accessible, or more enjoyable to use鈥攗ltimately helps fight climate change.

鈥淚t is pretty astounding how much you can reduce emissions by making transit a more convenient option,鈥� says Engel.

This article is a co-publication between and and made possible by a grant from the Open Society Foundations. It is republished here with permission.