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无码视频 than  run throughout the United States. In Appalachia, they spread like spaghetti across the region.

Many of these lines were built in just the past five years to carry natural gas from the Marcellus Shale region of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, where hydraulic fracturing has boomed. West Virginia alone has seen a  in the past decade.

Such fast growth has also brought and , particularly under the Trump administration鈥檚  and streamlined approvals for pipeline projects. While , pipeline projects are upending the lives of people in their paths.

As a  focused on how rural communities deal with complex problems and a  specializing in human-environment interactions, we teamed up to study the effects of pipeline development in rural Appalachia. In 2020, we surveyed and talked with dozens of people living close to pipelines in West Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.

What we found illuminates the stress and uncertainty that communities experience when natural gas pipelines change their landscape. Residents live with the fear of disasters, the noise of construction, and the anxiety of having no control over their own land.

鈥淣one of This Is Fair鈥�

Appalachians are no strangers to environmental risk. The region has a long and complicated and . However, it鈥檚 rare to hear firsthand accounts of the long-term effects of industrial infrastructure development in rural communities, especially when it comes to pipelines, because they are the result of more recent energy-sector growth.

For all of the people we talked to, the process of pipeline development was drawn out and often confusing.

Some reported never hearing about a planned pipeline until a 鈥渓and man鈥濃�攁 gas company representative鈥攌nocked on their door offering to buy a slice of their property; others said that they found out through newspaper articles or posts on social media. Every person we spoke with agreed that the burden ultimately fell on them to find out what was happening in their communities.

One woman in West Virginia said that after finding out about plans for a pipeline feeding a petrochemical complex several miles from her home, she started doing her own research. 鈥淚 thought to myself, how did this happen? We didn鈥檛 know anything about it,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not fair. None of this is fair. 鈥� We are stuck with a polluting company.鈥�

鈥淟awyers Ate Us Up鈥�

If residents do not want pipelines on their land, they can pursue legal action against the energy company rather than taking a settlement. However, this can result in the use of eminent domain.

 is a right given by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to companies to access privately held property if the project is considered important for public need. , based on assessed land value, but not taking into consideration the intangibles tied to the loss of the land surrounding one鈥檚 home, such as loss of future income.

Through this process, residents can be forced to accept a sum that doesn鈥檛 consider all effects of pipeline construction on their land, such as the damage heavy equipment will do to surrounding land and access roads.

One man we spoke with has lived on his family鈥檚 land for decades. In 2018, a company representative approached him for permission to install a new pipeline parallel to one that had been in place since 1962, far away from his house. However, crews ran into problems with the steep terrain and wanted to install it much closer to his home. Unhappy with the new placement, and seeing erosion from pipeline construction on the ridge behind his house causing washouts, he hired a lawyer. After several months of back and forth with the company, he said, 鈥淭hey gave me a choice: Either sign the contract or do the eminent domain. And my lawyer advised me that I didn鈥檛 want to do eminent domain.鈥�

There was a unanimous sense among the 31 people we interviewed that companies have seemingly endless financial and legal resources, making court battles virtually unwinnable. . Furthermore, lawyers licensed to work in West Virginia who aren鈥檛 already working for gas companies can be difficult to find, and legal fees can become too much for residents to pay.

One woman, the primary caretaker of land her family has farmed for 80 years, found herself facing significant legal fees after a dispute with a gas company. 鈥淲e were the first and last ones to fight them, and then people saw what was going to happen to them, and they just didn鈥檛 have鈥攊t cost us money to get lawyers. Lawyers ate us up,鈥� she said.

The pipeline now runs through what were once hayfields. 鈥淲e haven鈥檛 had any income off that hay since they took it out in 2016,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 nothing but a weed patch.鈥�

鈥淚 Mean, Who Do You Call?鈥�

Twenty-six of the 45 survey respondents reported that they felt that their property value had decreased as a result of pipeline construction, citing the risks of water contamination, explosion, and unusable land.

Many of the 31 people we interviewed were worried about the same sort of long-term concerns, as well as gas leaks and air pollution. Hydraulic fracturing and other natural gas processes can , especially if there are spills or improper storage procedures. Additionally, methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and , which can pose health risks, are byproducts of the .

鈥淔orty years removed from this, are they going to be able to keep track and keep up with infrastructure? I mean, I can smell gas as I sit here now,鈥� one man told us. His family had watched the natural gas industry move into their part of West Virginia in the mid-2010s. In addition to a 36-inch pipe on his property, there are several smaller wells and lines. 鈥淭his year the company servicing the smaller lines has had nine leaks 鈥� that鈥檚 what really concerns me,鈥� he said.

The top concern mentioned by survey respondents was .

According to data from 2010 to 2018, a in the U.S. While major pipeline explosions are relatively rare, when they do occur, they can be devastating. In 2012, a 20-inch , damaging five homes and leaving four lanes of Interstate 77 looking 鈥渓ike a tar pit.鈥�

Amplifying these fears is the lack of consistent communication from corporations to residents living along pipelines. Approximately half the people we interviewed reported that they did not have a company contact to call directly in case of a pipeline emergency, such as a spill, leak or explosion. 鈥淚 mean, who do you call?鈥� one woman asked.

鈥淲e Just Keep Doing the Same Thing鈥�

Several people interviewed described a fatalistic attitude toward energy development in their communities.

Energy analysts  this year after a slowdown in 2020. Pipeline companies . And while the Biden administration is , the president has said he  .

鈥淚t鈥檚 just kind of sad because they think, once again, this will be West Virginia鈥檚 salvation,鈥� one landowner said. 鈥淗arvesting the timber was, then digging the coal was our salvation. 鈥� And then here鈥檚 the third one. We just keep doing the same thing.鈥�

This article originally appeared in. It has been edited for YES! Magazine.