Kamala Harris and the Legacy of Black Women Running for President
U.S. Sen. Kamala Harris, the , is Joe Biden’s . If Biden wins in November, Harris would break three centuries-old barriers to become the nation’s first female vice president, first Black vice president, and first Black female vice president.
Geraldine Ferraro was the first female vice-presidential candidate on a major party ticket, in 1984. In 2008, Alaska’s then-governor Sarah Palin was Republican John McCain’s running mate.
Before Harris was picked as Biden’s running mate, she was his competitor for the Democratic presidential nomination. She is one of many Black American women who have despite great odds.
Hands that once picked cotton
African Americans have endured many hurdles to political power in the United States, among them slavery, Jim Crow, and disenfranchisement.
Black women, in particular, have hit barrier upon barrier. , and even then, Black people—women among them—still couldn’t vote in most of the South. In the 1960s, Black women helped but were kept out of leadership positions.
As a , I address issues like these in my government and minority-politics classes. But I also teach my students that Black women have a history of political ambition and achievement. As the Rev. Jesse Jackson Sr. said in 1984 about the progress , “Hands that once picked cotton will now pick a president.”
Today, lead several of the United States’ biggest cities, including Atlanta, Chicago, and San Francisco. Black women are , , and, in growing numbers, .
Now, Black women, who once had no chance of even voting for president—much less being president—will see one of their own a step away from the Oval Office.
Biden allies have that he would only serve one term if elected because of his age—Biden would be 78 on Inauguration Day—but his . Either way, his vice president would be in a powerful position for the 2024 campaign.
Harris is also of Indian descent, making her place on the ticket a meaningful first for two communities of color.
‘Unsuitable’ for the job?
Kamala Harris is a registered Democrat who served as California’s attorney general and later one of the state’s U.S. senators. But, historically, most Black female presidential candidates have run as independents.
In 1968, 38-year-old Charlene Mitchell of Ohio became the first Black woman to run for president, as a communist. Like many other African Americans born in the 1930s, Mitchell joined the Communist Party because of . Black female communists fought Jim Crow, lynchings, and unfair labor practices for .
Mitchell’s presidential campaign, which focused on , was probably doomed from the start. In 1968, many states didn’t . Ƶ outlets from also discussed Mitchell’s “unsuitability” as a candidate . Mitchell received .
Other independent Black female presidential candidates have been community organizer Margaret Wright, who ; Isabell Masters, a teacher who created her own third party , and ran in 1984, 1992, and 2004; and teacher Monica Moorehead of the Workers World Party ticket, who ran in 1996, 2000, and 2016.
In 2008, the year Barack Obama was elected president, Cynthia McKinney, a former U.S. representative from Georgia, was a . And in 2012, Peta Lindsay ran to unseat President Obama from the left, on the .
Only one Black woman has ever pursued the Republican nomination: Angel Joy Charvis, a religious conservative from Florida, who wanted to use her 1999 candidacy to “.”
Unbought and unbossed
These Black female presidential candidates were little known. But as the first Black female member of Congress, Shirley Chisholm had years of experience in public office and a national reputation when she became the first Black American and the first woman to seek the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972. Chisholm’s campaign slogan: “.”
Chisholm, who mostly paid for her campaign on her , focused on .
She became the target of vehement sexism. One described her appearance as, “[Not] beautiful. Her face is bony and angular, her nose wide and flat, her eyes small almost to beadiness, her neck and limbs scrawny. Her protruding teeth probably account in part for her noticeable lisp.”
Chisholm received little support from either Black or female voters and won .
The Black women who followed in Chisholm’s footsteps from Congress to the Democratic presidential primary, including and Harris herself, have seen little more success. Harris was among the .
Challenges for Black women
Why did these women’s candidacies fail?
In most cases, my research finds, America’s Black female presidential candidates haven’t made the ballot. Those who did had trouble raising funds.
And because their candidacies by the media, they had trouble getting their messages heard. Historically, Black female presidential candidates have received , including African Americans and women. Generally, people—even those who might have been heartened by the idea that someone who looked like them could aspire to the White House—.
As a vice president for two terms who had a major role in governing under Barack Obama, Joe Biden knows what the office entails. He has now selected a woman who he believes can not only help him win the election but also to govern if he is elected. It is a watershed moment for African Americans, Asian Americans, and women who’ve so long been excluded from so many aspects of politics.
This story first appeared in . It has been edited for YES! Magazine.
Sharon Austin
is a professor of Political Science at the University of Florida, where she specializes in African American Studies and minority politics.
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